Overview
Erythropoiesis produces erythrocytes through nuclear maturation, hemoglobinization, and nuclear extrusion.
Classification
| Stage | Location | Key feature |
|---|---|---|
| Proerythroblast | Marrow | Large; nucleoli |
| Basophilic erythroblast | Marrow | Deep blue cytoplasm |
| Polychromatic erythroblast | Marrow | Hemoglobin synthesis |
| Orthochromatic erythroblast | Marrow | Pyknotic nucleus |
| Reticulocyte | Blood | Residual RNA |
| Erythrocyte | Blood | Mature biconcave cell |
Morphologic Features
Polychromasia on peripheral smear correlates with reticulocytosis.
Laboratory Characteristics
- Reticulocyte % or absolute count
- Corrected reticulocyte index per institutional formula
Reference Intervals
Reticulocyte reference intervals are institution-specific.
Clinical and Laboratory Significance
- Reticulocytosis with anemia, marrow response to loss/hemolysis
- Low reticulocytes with anemia, production or nutrient defect
Differential Considerations
NRBCs differ from reticulocytes, nucleated versus anucleate young RBCs.
Comparison Tables
Peripheral correlates
| Finding | Suggests |
|---|---|
| Reticulocytosis | Increased erythropoiesis |
| Polychromasia | Reticulocytes on smear |
| NRBCs | Accelerated or extramedullary erythropoiesis, investigate |
Classification Frameworks
Erythroid neoplasms classified in WHO module, not normal staging here.
Laboratory Notes
- This table owns erythroid maturation, granulocytic staging in granulopoiesis entry.
References
Authoritative textbooks, guidelines, and reviews supporting this reference entry. Verify reference intervals, critical limits, and reflex criteria against institutional protocols and current guideline editions.
Textbooks
- McPherson RA, Pincus MR. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods. 24th ed. Elsevier; 2021.
- Rodak BF, Carr JH. Rodak's Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2020.
- Hoffbrand AV, Moss PAH, Pettit JE. Essential Haematology. 8th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2019.
- McKenzie SB, Williams JL. Clinical Laboratory Hematology. 4th ed. Pearson; 2022.
Professional Monographs
- Barnes PW, McFadden SL, Machin SJ, Doig K. Laboratory Hematology Practice. Wiley-Blackwell; 2012.
CLSI and Professional Guidelines
- Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Defining, Establishing, and Verifying Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved Standard. CLSI document EP28-A3c. CLSI; 2010.
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